Goji Berry
hc8meifmdc|20005939267D|healthm_live|health_library|health_library_details|0xfdffcdff8d000000d501000001000e00
Overview
Goji berries, also known as wolfberries, are bright orange-red berries native to southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Goji berries have long been an important part of Chinese medicine, and have been used for enhancing the immune system, protecting the liver, improving eyesight and improving circulation, to name a few. They are perhaps, best known for their high antioxidant activity. Goji berries are now becoming increasingly popular in the west, as the secrets to its wonderful health benefits are being uncovered. There have been several published studies that note goji berries may indeed have a number of possible medicinal benefits. They are finding that the high antioxidant count may be the reason for the health benefits beginning to be uncovered. Studies are showing that goji berries may provide potential benefits against inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, and vision-related diseases.
Goji berries have been used for 6,000 years by herbalists in China, Tibet and India to:

arw protect the liver
arw help eyesight
arw improve sexual function and fertility
arw strengthen the legs
arw boost immune function
arw improve circulation
arw promote longevity
 
What is Goji berry?
The goji berry is also called the wolfberry. It is a bright orange-red berry that comes from a shrub that's native to China. In Asia, goji berries have been eaten for generations in the hopes of living longer.

Over time, people have used goji berries to treat many common health problems like diabetes, high blood pressure, fever, and age-related eye problems. Goji berries are eaten raw, cooked, or dried (like raisins) and are used in herbal teas, juices, wines, and medicines.


Where it is found
Goji berries grow on an evergreen shrub found in temperate and subtropical regions in China, Mongolia and in the Himalayas in Tibet.

Benefits / uses
Research shows that eating berries like blueberries, acai berries, cranberries, strawberries, and cherries offers some definite health benefits. Berries like the goji berry are filled with powerful antioxidants and other compounds that may help prevent cancer and other illnesses, including heart disease. Antioxidants may also boost the immune system and lower cholesterol.

Eating foods high in antioxidants may slow the aging process as well. It does this by minimizing damage from free radicals that injure cells and damage DNA. When a cell's DNA changes, the cell grows abnormally. Antioxidants can take away the destructive power of free radicals. By doing so, antioxidants help reduce the risk of some serious diseases.

Goji berries also have compounds rich in vitamin A that may have anti-aging benefits. These special compounds help boost immune function, protect vision, and may help prevent heart disease.

Some research suggests that goji berry extracts may boost brain health and may protect against age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. Other studies using goji berry juice founds benefits in mental well-being, and calmness, athletic performance, happiness, quality of sleep, and feelings of good health.


Goji Berries And Antioxidants
The Goji berry has been rated number one on the ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) scale by the US Department of Agriculture. The scale was developed to measure the antioxidant levels in foods and, the higher the score, the more potent the food is at fighting the free radicals that damage cells. Goji berries achieved a spectacular 25,300 per 100g on the ORAC scale, while prunes, which came second, had a mere 5,770 per 100g. The berries have 2,000 more antioxidants and 500 times the amount of vitamin C per weight as oranges.

Improving vision with the Goji berry
As mentioned, Goji berries are rich in antioxidants, particularly carotenoids such as beta-carotene and zeaxanthin. One of zeaxanthin’s principal roles in the body is to protect the retina of the eye by absorbing blue light. In fact, it is believed that increased intake of foods containing zeathanthin may decrease the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness in people over the age of 65.

Controlling cholesterol and blood pressure with the Goji berry
Goji berries are believed to combat two key factors implicated in the development of heart disease, namely oxidized cholesterol and elevated blood pressure. Cholesterol becomes a health problem when it is oxidized by free radicals and attaches to artery walls as plaques. The body secretes an enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD) which combats free radicals. SOD produces antioxidants to prevent cholesterol from oxidizing. Unfortunately, levels of SOD decline with age. Research in China has demonstrated that that the Goji berry can stimulate an increase in the production of SOD, thereby reducing oxidization of cholesterol. Goji berries also contain other antioxidants that decrease oxidation of cholesterol and help to control blood pressure.

Organ maintenance with the Goji berry
Goji berries can help maintain healthy blood sugar levels and enhance the liver and digestive system function. The berries contain fatty acids, which can stimulate collagen production and retain moisture, resulting in younger-looking skin.

Improving Sleep with the Goji berry
Goji berries are a rich source of two nutrients, Thiamin (B1) and Magnesium, known to promote healthy sleep.

Boosting energy with the Goji berry
The Goji berry is an ‘adaptogen’, a term used to describe a substance with a combination of therapeutic actions. Goji berries are considered to be a beneficial adaptogen in Asia. The berry is believed to enhance stamina, strength and energy.

Promoting human growth hormone production with the Goji berry
Levels of human growth hormone decline as the body ages. This decline parallels physical deterioration, such as lower levels of energy, muscle wasting and a tendency to store more body fat. Goji berries are believed to boost the secretion of human growth hormone in three ways. The Goji berry is a rich source of l-glutamine and l-arginine, two amino acids which may work together to boost growth hormone levels. A polysaccharide in the Goji berry has been found to act as a powerful secretagogue (a substance that stimulates the secretion of human growth hormone by the pituitary gland). The berry is a rich source of Potassium, which is vital for health and longevity. Insufficient Potassium can result in reduced secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.

Doses
The Tibetan Medical College in Lhasa Tibet who is the exclusive business partner worldwide of Tibet Authentic recommends 5-25 grams daily as being the recommended daily adult dose for general well being. For those with illness of those feeling unwell or with particularly low energy the The Tibetan Medical College recommends a minimum of 15 grams daily and up to 30 grams daily.

Possible Side effects / Precautions / Possible Interactions:
There may be some possible herb-drug interactions with goji berries. If you take warfarin (a blood thinner), you may want to avoid goji berries. Goji berries may also interact with diabetes and blood pressure drugs.

Also, if you have pollen allergies, you may want to stay away from this fruit. However, when eaten in moderation, goji berries appear to be safe.


Research & Reference:
arw
Flint, Harrison Leigh (1997). "Lycium barbarum". Landscape plants for eastern North America: exclusive of Florida and the immediate Gulf Coast. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-471-59919-7.
arw
Environment and Plant Life in Indian Desert, David N. Sen, Geobios International, 1982
arw
a b c d GRIN Taxonomy for Lycium barbarum, United States Department of Agriculture Germplasm Resources Information Network
arw
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
arw
McNally A. Superfoods market set to double by 2011, NutraIngredients.com-Europe, October 8, 2007
arw
Runestad T. Functional Ingredients market overview, Functional Ingredients, October 2007
arw
a b c [1] Xinhua News Agency, Opening ceremonies of Ningxia wolfberry festival, August 3, 2005.
arw
a b [2] Staff reporter, Wolfberry festival to be held in Ningxia, China Daily, July 19, 2004.
arw
[3] Staff reporter, China's first provincial-level wolfberry association established, People's Daily Onlne, August 19, 2001.
arw
[4] Yunyun L. Dry no more. BeijingReview.com.cn, October 11, 2008.
arw
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ImportAlerts/ora_import_ia9908.html
arw
IA #99-08, Revision to Import Alert #99-08, "Detention Without Physical Examination of Processed Products for Pesticides"
arw
Pathbreaking Newsletter Promotes Development of Organic Sector in China Lila Buckley. Worldwatch Institute. 28 February 2006.
arw
GAIN Report #CH1072. Dueling Standards for Organic Foods 2001 Ralph Bean and Xiang Qing. USDA Global Agriculture Information Network Foreign Agricultural Service. 12 Dec 2001.
arw
The Movement Toward Organic Herb Cultivation in China Subhuti Dharmananda. Institute for Traditional Medicine. January 2004.
arw
[5] Staff Reporter. The commercial legend of goji. Selling a Chinese crop under the Tibetan flag. TibetInfoNet, July 29, 2007.
arw
A Touch Of Argyll In Norfolk Julia Page in The Corncrake, Colonsay , Scotland " I was intrigued to discover that the common name of lycium halimifolium is the Duke of Argyll's Tea-tree or Teaplant and was keen to discover how this name came about. I succeeded with the help of my friend Craig ( nice Scottish name ) at Kew Gardens Library and a historical Who's Who. Accessed November 2006
arw
Government Launches Consultation On Future Of Legal Protection For Hedgerows Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 15 January 2003. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
arw
The Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulations 1997
arw
Food Standards Agency, June 2007, Responses on goji berries reviewed
arw
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, April, 2008. Prohibited Import of Goji Plants. April 30, 2008
arw
Several bottles of gǒuqǐ jiǔ www.chong-yang.com. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
arw
Bottle of gǒuqǐ jiǔ data.bip.und.cn. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
arw
Amagase H, Nance DM (May 2008). "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) Juice, GoChi". J Altern Complement Med 14 (4): 403–12. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0004. PMID 18447631.
arw
Daniells S. (October 2008). "Questions raised over Goji science.". NutraIngredients.com-USA.
arw
Wu SJ, Ng LT, Lin CC (December 2004). "Antioxidant activities of some common ingredients of traditional chinese medicine, Angelica sinensis, Lycium barbarum and Poria cocos". Phytother Res 18 (12): 1008–12. doi:10.1002/ptr.1617. PMID 15742346.
arw
Jia YX, Dong JW, Wu XX, Ma TM, Shi AY (June 1998). "[The effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide on vascular tension in two-kidney, one clip model of hypertension]" (in Chinese). Sheng Li Xue Bao 50 (3): 309–14. PMID 11324572.
arw
Luo Q, Li Z, Huang X, Yan J, Zhang S, Cai YZ (July 2006). "Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Protective effects against heat-induced damage of rat testes and H2O2-induced DNA damage in mouse testicular cells and beneficial effect on sexual behavior and reproductive function of hemicastrated rats". Life Sci. 79 (7): 613–21. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.012. PMID 16563441.
arw
Cheng CY, Chung WY, Szeto YT, Benzie IF (January 2005). "Fasting plasma zeaxanthin response to Fructus barbarum L. (wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a food-based human supplementation trial". Br. J. Nutr. 93 (1): 123–30. doi:10.1079/BJN20041284. PMID 15705234.
arw
Chan HC, Chang RC, Koon-Ching Ip A, et al. (January 2007). "Neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum Lynn on protecting retinal ganglion cells in an ocular hypertension model of glaucoma". Exp. Neurol. 203 (1): 269–73. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.031. PMID 17045262.
arw
Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, et al. (2005). "Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity". Exp. Gerontol. 40 (8–9): 716–27. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2005.06.010. PMID 16139464.
arw
a b Gan L, Hua Zhang S, Liang Yang X, Bi Xu H (April 2004). "Immunomodulation and antitumor activity by a polysaccharide-protein complex from Lycium barbarum". Int. Immunopharmacol. 4 (4): 563–9. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.01.023. PMID 15099534.
arw
He YL, Ying Y, Xu YL, Su JF, Luo H, Wang HF (September 2005). "[Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on tumor microenvironment T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells in H22-bearing mice"] (in Chinese). Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 3 (5): 374–7. doi:10.3736/jcim20050511. PMID 16159572.
arw
Lee DG, Park Y, Kim MR, et al. (July 2004). "Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense". Biotechnol. Lett. 26 (14): 1125–30. doi:10.1023/B:BILE.0000035483.85790.f7. PMID 15266117.
arw
Lee DG, Jung HJ, Woo ER (September 2005). "Antimicrobial property of (+)-lyoniresinol-3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller against human pathogenic microorganisms". Arch. Pharm. Res. 28 (9): 1031–6. doi:10.1007/BF02977397. PMID 16212233.
arw
a b Lam AY, Elmer GW, Mohutsky MA (October 2001). "Possible interaction between warfarin and Lycium barbarum L". Ann Pharmacother 35 (10): 1199–201. doi:10.1345/aph.1Z442. PMID 11675844.
arw
Leung H, Hung A, Hui AC, Chan TY (May 2008). "Warfarin overdose due to the possible effects of Lycium barbarum L". Food Chem. Toxicol. 46 (5): 1860–2. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.008. PMID 18281140
arw
Adams M, Wiedenmann M, Tittel G, Bauer R (September 2006). "HPLC-MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries". Phytochem Anal 17 (5): 279–83. doi:10.1002/pca.915. PMID 17019928.
arw
Lam K-W, But P (1999). "The content of zeaxanthin in Gou Qi Zi, a potential health benefit to improve visual acuity". Food Chem. 67 (2): 173–6. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00119-3.
arw
Weller P, Breithaupt DE (November 2003). "Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (24): 7044–9. doi:10.1021/jf034803s. PMID 14611169.
arw
Peng Y, Ma C, Li Y, Leung KS, Jiang ZH, Zhao Z (December 2005). "Quantification of zeaxanthin dipalmitate and total carotenoids in Lycium fruits (Fructus Lycii)". Plant Foods Hum Nutr 60 (4): 161–4. doi:10.1007/s11130-005-9550-5. PMID 16395626.
arw
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/carotenoids/#metabolism
arw
Li Z, Peng G, Zhang S (July 1998). "[Separation and determination of carotenoids in Fructus lycii by isocratic non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography]" (in Chinese). Se Pu 16 (4): 341–3. PMID 11367765.
arw
a b Li XM, Ma YL, Liu XJ (May 2007). "Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on age-related oxidative stress in aged mice". J Ethnopharmacol 111 (3): 504–11. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.024. PMID 17224253.
arw
Mindell, 2005
arw
http://www.google.ca/search?q=goji+polysaccharides&start=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official
47. Linus Pauling Institute, Micronutrient Information Center
arw
Agency seeks evidence of goji berry consumption, UK Food Standards Agency, February 2007
arw
'Miracle' goji berries face ban under EU red tape, The Daily Mail, February 2007
arw
Nutrition and health claims, European Food Safety Authority, May 2007
arw
Responses on goji berries reviewed, UK Food Standards Agency, June 2007
arw
Goji berries, UK Food Standards Agency, June 2007
arw
CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/2007/01/goji.html.
arw
http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/11919.cfm
arw
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/breast-cancer
arw
http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/term=(NCCAM)+%5BSPONSOR%5D+(breast+cancer)+%5BCONDITION%5D?recruiting=false
arw
http://nccam.nih.gov/clinicaltrials/alltrials.htm
arw
Gan L, Wang J, Zhang S (November 2001). "[Inhibition the growth of human leukemia cells by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide]" (in Chinese). Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 30 (6): 333–5. PMID 12561612.
arw
Tang W, Hemm I, Bertram B (March 2003). "Recent development of antitumor agents from Chinese herbal medicines. Part II. High molecular compounds(3)". Planta Med. 69 (3): 193–201. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38494. PMID 12677520.
arw
Cao GW, Yang WG, Du P (November 1994). "[Observation of the effects of LAK/IL-2 therapy combining with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the treatment of 75 cancer patients (with abstract in English)]" (in Chinese). Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 16 (6): 428–31. PMID 7720497.
arw
US FDA Letter to Dynamic Health Laboratories, Inc.
arw
US FDA, Letter to Healthsuperstore.com
arw
http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/FederalFoodDrugandCosmeticActFDCAct/default.htm
arw
United States District Court for the District of Arizona (May 29, 2009). "Class action lawsuit against FreeLife International, Inc.". Retrieved 2009-10-31.
arw
Class-Action Suit Filed against FreeLife and Earl Mindel